ICT Skills-II CLASS -10

 Session -1(Operating System & Basic File Operations)

Operating System: An operating system is a system software that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. It manages all hardware and software resources of the computer and provides services for computer programs to run efficiently.

Functions of Operating System:

1. Memory Management: Operating System manages the computer's memory- it keeps track of each byte and decides how much memory to allocate to processes.

2. Process Management : Operating System manages running programs (processes), their execution, and multitasking. 

3. File Management: It handle file creation, deletion, reading, writing, and organization into directories/ folders.

4. Device Management: OS controls and coordinates all input/output(I/O) devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc.

5. User Interface: Provides interface (like GUI or Command Line) for user interaction with the system.

6. Security and Access Control: Protects data and system from unauthorized access through passwords, permissions, etc.

7. Job Scheduling: Schedules tasks so that all program run smoothly and efficiently without conflict.

Important tasks of Operating System: 

  • The OS manages all the programs that are currently running on the computer.
  • The OS controls the flow of data from input devices to output devices.
  • The OS manages the communication ad data transfer between hardware devices and software programs.
  • The OS decides how much memory (RAM) to give to each program and when to free it.
  • The OS maintains a record of all files and folders on the system, their names, location, and usages.
  • The OS protects the system from unauthorized access and keeps user data safe using passwords and permissions.
Types of Operating System:
1. Single-Tasking OS: 
  • It performs only one task at a time. 
  • New tasks begins only after the current task ends.
  • examples: DOS, Palm OS
2. Multi-tasking OS: 
  • It performs multiple tasks at the same time.
  • User can open multiple applications simultaneously.
  • Examples: Windows 10, MACOS, Linux,etc. 

3. Single User OS: 

  • An OS that allows only one user to work at a time.
  • Common use in personal /home computers.
  • examples: MS-DOS Windows 95,98, ME , Classic MacOS(1 to 9), Palm OS
4. Multi-user OS: 
  • Multiple users can use the same system at the sane time or different times.
  • Examples: UNIX, Linux(Server editions).
5. Real-Time OS (RTOS): 
  • Designed to process data instantly. 
  • Used in critical systems like aircraft, medical equipment. 
  • examples: VxWorks, QNX
6. Mobile Operating System: Used in Smartphones and tablets. examples Android, iOS
7. Distributed Operating System: It is an operating system that manages a group of separate computers and make them work together as a single system. Ex:- Windows Server, Linux Server, Ubuntu
Windows Desktop: The first screen that appears on the monitor is called the Desktop
Main Components of a Desktop:
1. Wallpaper: The background image shown on the desktop.
2. Icons: Small pictures on the screen that represent files, folders, or programs.
3. Gadgets: Small tools/Widgets on desktop for quick use  Ex: Clock, Calendar, Weather, CPU meter, etc.
4. Taskbar: It show running programs, time and quick access tools.




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