Define hardware and types

      What is Hardware in Simple words?

   Hardware is the Physical Components that we can touch, view and feel.

                      It is the physical parts of the computer. 

     Ex:-  Keyboards,  Mouse, RAM Printer, Speakers, ROM, Hard disk ,etc.



       There are Four types of Hardware. 

1. Input Device 

2. Process Device

3. Output Device 

4. Storage Device 

              What is Input Device?

  The device through which we can feed or input the data or instructions into the computer are called Input Device. 

 Example:-  Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Joystick, MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition), OMR(Optical Mark Reader), Digital Camera,  Mike,etc.

 Keyboard: 

  • Keyboard is an input device  which is used to enter data or information into the computer by pressing buttons or keys.
  • It has various keys such as Alphanumeric key( A to Z, a to z and 0 to 9),Function keys( (F1 to F12 ), Special Keys (CTRL, ALT, Spacebar,  Tab, Shift, etc.), Arrow keys( Left, Right, Up and Down).

     The standard keyboard has 104 keys and multimedia keyboard has more than 111 keys. 


Mouse: Mouse is an input device that is used to control the pointer on the computer screen. It is called a pointing device. A mouse usually has three buttons- the left button, the right button and the scroll wheel. We use left button regularly for doing anything. We use scroll buttons to scroll the message upward or downward. We use right button occasionally to perform shortcut methods.

Scanner: Scanner is an input device that is used to copy pictures or documents from paper and store them in the computer in the form of an image or file. It scans the paper by taking a picture of it and then sends that picture to the computer. The picture can be colored or black & white depending on the scanner.
There are different types of scanner, like: 
  • Flatbed Scanner
  • Handheld Scanner

Webcam: Webcam is an input device that is used to capture live videos and pictures. It is usually connected to a computer or laptop and is mostly used for video calling, online meetings, and virtual classes.
Webcams can be built-in (inside the laptop) or separate devices connected using a wire. 

Digital Camera: A digital camera is an input device that captures still images(and sometimes videos) in digital form. It records and store these images on a memory card or other digital storage, allowing them to be viewed, edited, and share on computers or other devices.

Optical Mark Recognition(OMR):- Optical Mark Recognition is a popular technology used for collecting data from specially designed forms such as "fill-in-the-bubble" sheets. It is commonly used in educational test, surveys, assessments, evaluations, and many other multiple-choice forms.

MICR(Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
MICR is a technology used to verify the accuracy and authenticity of cheques. The MICR code is printed at the bottom of bank cheques using magnetic ink and consists of nine digits.

  •  First three digits: City code
  • Next three digits: Bank Code
  • Last three digits: Branch code

OBR(Optical Barcode Reader)

           An Optical Barcode Reader, or Barcode Scanner, is an electronic device that scans and decodes barcodes. It uses optical technology, such as infrared light, to read the information stored in the barcode. The barcode contains details like the product code, product name, and price.   

                        PROCESSING DEVICE

Processing Device: Processing device are components responsible for processing information within a computer system.

                                                              In other words, a processing device is any device in a computer that handles the intermediate stage of processing incoming data and converts it into useful output.

Example of Processing devices: 

  • Central Processing Unit(CPU): The main brain of the computer that performs all calculations and executes instructions.
  • Microprocessor: A single-chip CPU used in computers and embedded systems.
  • Graphics Processing Unit(GPU): Handles complex graphics and visual data processing.
  • Digital Signal Processor(DSP): Specialized for processing signals like audio, video, or sensors.

1. CPU

  • The Central Processing Unit(CPU) is the brain and control of a computer.
  • It executes all the instructions given by the user or computer
  • It follows the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle to process the data.
  • All major operations of a computer system depend on the CPU.
  • Without CPU, a computer cannot function.
  • Single-core, Dual-core, Quad-core, Octa-core Processors are the types of CPUs
  • CPU speed is measured in Hertz(Hz), usually GHz (Gigahertz).
  • CPU consists of Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU) and Registers.
    Arithmetic Logic Unit(ALU): 
  • It is a part of CPU that performs all arithmetic operations( Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division),and logical operations(Comparison-equal to, less than , greater than, etc.,), decision making.
  • ALU works under the control of the Control Unit(CU).
  • ALU cannot perform complex mathematical functions (like logarithmic or trigonometric); these are handled by FPU(Floating Point Unit).
  • FPU is also known as Math Coprocessor.
  • ALU is an essential component of the CPU and is often called "calculator" of the computer.
Control Unit (CU): 
  • It is a part of the CPU that directs and coordinates all the operations of the computer.
  • CU controls the flow of data between CPU, Memory, Input devices, and output devices.
  • It follows the Fetch- Decode- Execute cycle to process instructions.
  • CU does not perform calculations itself, but it controls ALU and memory.
  • CU is often called the "nerve center" or "central controller" of the computer.
Register: 
  • Register is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer.
  • It is not a part of the main memory; it is located inside the CPU.
  • Registers are temporary storage elements used to hold data, instructions, and addresses that the CPU is currently processing. 
  • They provide the CPU with high-speed access to frequently used values.
  • Registers play an important role in execution of instructions and overall system performance.
  • Accumulator Register(AR), General Purpose Register(GPR), Special Purpose Register are the types of Registers.





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