Computer Language & Programming Techniques.

        

 


                What is COMPUTER LANGUAGE?

▪︎ A Computer language is the mean by which instructions and data are transmitted to the computer.

▪︎ In other words, computer languages are the interface between a computer and its user.

        Categories of Computer Language.

The Computer Language can be classified into four categories:

1.First Generation Language (Machine Language)

2. Second Generation Language (Assembly Language)

3. Third Generation Language (High Level Language)

4. Fourth Generation Language (Modern Language

 First Generation Language( Machine Language):-

▪︎ It is the only language that a computer can understand. It is expressed in binary form i.e. '0' and '1'. 

▪︎ Machine Language has the advantage of very high speed and very low memory utilization. But understanding and learning machine language is a tough and tiresome process. 

▪︎ This language is extremely machine-dependent .

▪︎ A machine language program written on one computer may or may not run on another computer. 

▪︎ This language doesn't use any types of Translator 

    Second Generation Language  (Assembly Language):-

▪︎ It enables a programmer to use names instead of numbers. This language uses mnemonic codes or symbols in places of  0 's and 1 's . Ex - ADD , SUB, MULT ,DIV ,etc

▪︎ This language is also machine dependent language. 

▪︎ This language Introduced first translator name as "Assembler".It converts assembly language program into machine language.

 Third Generation Language (High Level Language):

▪︎ A High Level Language can be understood by human easily as compared to the previous two languages. 

▪︎ The restrictions in the usuage of Machine and Assembly language prompted people to develop  language with the following features:-

 (i).Simple and user friendly language. 

(ii). High Level is Machine Independent language.

(iii). Owing to the above features,  it became easier to learn and use the computer languages. 

(iv). A large number of people started writing computer programs using these languages. That is why they are known as High Level Lnguages (HLL). 

(v). QBASIC, C , C++ , Java , Python, etc. are some of the very popular high level language

  Fourth Generation Language (Modern Languages)

▪︎ Modern Languages are Programming Languages closer to human languages than typical high-level Programming languages. 

▪︎ Most 4GLs are used to access databases. For example, a typical 4GL command is :-

    FIND ALL RECORDS FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE NAME IS "MOHAN"

▪︎ Fourth Generation Languages are a combination of languages and following features:-

(i). They are highly user- friendly. 

(ii).They are executed at very high speed.

(iii). They reduce level of Programming skills.

(iv). They require minimum efforts from the user to obtain any information. 

(v)In 4GL, the user has to just specify the required output and the format of the output without bothering about the steps required to obtain that.

▪︎ Example of Fourth Generation Language are Clipper, SQL,Panther, etc.

                What is Translator Programs?

As we know that computer can understand only machine language, so when we type programs in the language other than machine language then we neeď a translator program to convert the program code into machine code.

    Some of these translator programs are-

1. Assembler :- An Assembler is a computer program which converts Assembly language program into machine lanaguge.

2. Compiler:- It is a translator program to convert a high level program into machine language. It translates the whole program at once and generates a list of errors, if any otherwise it generates the object code for the program. The Execution is very fast.

3. Interpreter:- It translates a high level language program into Machine language line by line i.e. it converts one line , executes the instructions and then repeats the procedure for the remaining instructions. Program stops when an error is encountered. Interpreter programs are preferred for beginners and are slow in execution. 

                       What is Program? 
A Program is a set of instructions arranged in a logical sequence which tells the computer what to do.










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